Tongue Twister (2)

Ucapkanlah kalimat di bawah ini berkali-kali, mulai dengan speed terlambat hingga speed tercepat!

I thought a thought. But the thought I thought wasn't the thought I thought I thought. If the thought I thought I thought had been the thought I thought, I wouldn't have thought so much.

Petunjuk:
Huruf th pada kata thought diucapkan seperti kata tsumma atau tsalaatsa dalam bahasa Arab. Jadi huruf tersebut bukanlah diucapkan seperti huruf t atau s, tetapi antara t dan s. Bunyinya agak berdesis. Letakkan ujung lidah Anda pada gigi bagian atas.

Adverb Clause

Adverb Clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai adverbia. Adverb clause dimulai dengan konjungsi yang tergolong dalam subordinating conjunctions.

Macam-macam adverb clauses:

1. Adverb clause of time (Klausa adverbia yang menyatakan waktu)

Contoh:

When I was reading an English book, my friend came.

I’ll tell you as soon as I know.

You may play after you have finished doing your homework.

They’ve moved house four times since they got married.

I’ll wait for you here till you get back.

2. Adverb clause of place (Klausa adverbia yang menyatakan tempat)

Contoh:

You may go wherever you like.

Wherever you are, I’ll be able to find you.

I’ll go where I can find true happiness.

3. Adverb clause of reason ((Klausa adverbia yang menyatakan alasan)

Contoh:

Rani doesn’t go to school because she is sick.

Since it’s raining so heavily, I can’t go out.

As I wasn’t there, I didn’t know what had happened.

4. Adverb clause of manner (Klausa adverbia yang menyatakan cara)

Contoh:

Do as I ask you to do.

The braggart talks as if he knew everything.

He behaves as though he owned the place.

5. Adverb clause of contrast/concession (Klausa adverbia yang menyatakan pertentangan)

Contoh:

He is still poor although he has worked so hard.

Even though I don’t have much money, I will try to help him.

No matter what you do, don’t press this button.

6. Adverb clause of condition (Klausa adverbia yang menyatakan syarat)

Contoh:

You’ll succeed if you do your best.

If I were a bird, I would fly.

You won’t be rich unless you work hard.

You can borrow my book provided you return it soon.

7. Adverb clause of result (Klausa adverbia yang menyatakan akibat)

Contoh:

She is so short that she can’t become a stewardess.

She studies so hard that she is successful in her study.

Mr. Hasan spoke for such a long time that people began to fall asleep.

8. Adverb clause of purpose (Klausa adverbia yang menyatakan tujuan)

Contoh:

Susan takes a computer lesson in order that she can get a job easily.

People eat nutritious food so that they will keep healthy.

She puts the milk in the refrigerator so that it doesn’t spoil.

9. Adverb clause of comparison (Klausa adverbia yang menyatakan perbandingan)

Contoh:

Johan can speak English as fluently as his teacher.

He works harder than he can.

An elephant is stronger than a rabbit.

Adjective Clause

Adjective clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai adjektiva. Seperti telah kita ketahui, adjektiva adalah kata yang menerangkan nomina. Jadi, adjective clause juga berfungsi demikian, yaitu memberi keterangan pada nomina.

Adjective clause dimulai dengan relative pronoun atau relative adverb.

Berikut ini beberapa contoh adjective clause:

Adjective clause dengan relative pronoun
Contoh:
The man who is sitting over there is my father.
The book which you bought yesterday is very interesting.
This is the place that I visited some years ago.
Mr. Bambang whose son is my friend is presenting a paper in a seminar.

Adjective clause dengan relative adverb
Contoh:
This is the reason why she did it.
The time when the plane takes off and lands will be changed soon.
Palembang is the place where I was born.

Dalam contoh-contoh di atas bisa kita lihat bahwa adjective clause tersebut menerangkan nomina yang ada di depannya (antecedent).
Misalnya:
Adjective clause who is sitting over there menerangkan nomina the man.
Adjective clause why she did it menerangkan nomina the reason.

Noun Clause

Noun clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai nomina. Karena fungsinya sebagai nomina, maka noun clause dapat menduduki posisi-posisi berikut:

1. Subjek kalimat (subject of a sentence)
2. Objek verba transitif (object of a transitive verb)
3. Objek preposisi (object of a preposition)
4. Pelengkap (complement)
5. Pemberi keterangan tambahan (noun in apposition)

Untuk lebih jelasnya, perhatikanlah contoh-contoh di bawah ini!

Noun clause sebagai subjek kalimat

Contoh:

What you said doesn’t convince me at all.

How he becomes so rich makes people curious.

What the salesman has said is untrue.

That the world is round is a fact.

Noun clause sebagai objek verba transitif

Contoh:

I know what you mean.

I don’t understand what he is talking about.

He said that his son would study in Australia.

Verba yang dapat diikuti noun clause dalam hal ini that-clause antara lain adalah:

admit : mengakui

realize : menyadari

announce : mengumumkan

recommend : menganjurkan

believe : percaya

remember : ingat

deny : menyangkal

reveal : menyatakan, mengungkapkan

expect : mengharapkan

say : mengatakan

find : menemukan

see : melihat

forget : lupa

stipulate : menetapkan

hear : mendengar

suggest : menganjurkan

inform : memberitahukan

suppose : mengira

know : tahu, mengetahui

think : pikir, berpendapat

promise : berjanji

understand : mengerti

propose : mengusulkan

wish : ingin, berharap

Noun clause sebagai objek preposisi

Contoh:

Please listen to what your teacher is saying.

Budi pays full attention to how the native speaker is pronouncing the English

word.

Be careful of what you’re doing.

Noun clause sebagai pelegkap

Contoh:

The good news is that the culprit has been put into the jail.

This is what I want.

That is what you need.

Noun clause sebagai noun in apposition

Contoh:

The idea that people can live without oxygen is unreasonable.

The fact that Rudi always comes late doesn’t surprise me.

Tongue Twister (1)

She sells seashell by the seashore.

Ucapkanlah kalimat di atas berkali-kali dari speed terlambat hingga speed tercepat.

Petunjuk pengucapan:
Huruf s pada kata sells dan sea diucapkan s yang sama seperti dalam bahasa Indonesia sapi dan senyum.
Huruf sh pada kata she, shell, dan shore diucapkan agak tebal. Pengucapannya sama seperti dalam kata-kata bahasa Indonesia syukur atau musyawarah.

Selamat berlatih!

Sentences

COMPOUND SENTENCE

is a sentence which contains two or more independent clauses.

A compound sentence is connected by using coordinating conjunctions, such as and, or, but, so.

e.g.:

I am repairing a computer and my brother is watching TV.

She likes fried chicken but I like pizza.

COMPLEX SENTENCE

is a sentence which contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clause(s).

A complex sentence is connected by using subordinating conjunctions, such as when, while, if, although, because, as, after, before, until, or by using relative pronouns and relative adverbs, such as who, which, that, when, where.

These connective words can express time, cause, condition, concession (contrast), or identification.

e.g.:

They couldn't go out because it was raining cats and dogs.

When I came to her house, she was watering the flowers.

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

is a sentence which contains one or more independent clause(s) and one or more dependent clause(s).

e.g.:

When I came to Susan's house, she was watering the flowers and her father was weeding the grass.

The man who stole my car was arrested, but her friend escaped.

Popular Proverb (2)

Make hay while the sun shines.

Sedia payung sebelum hujan.

Morphemes

Definition of Morpheme

Morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit which has a meaning or grammatical function. Some words are not composed of other morphemes, for example, car, spider, and race. But, they are also morpheme since they cannot be broken down into smaller meaningful parts.
A morpheme may be represented by a single sound, a single syllable or more than one syllable.

For example:

Girl girl (one morpheme)
Books book + -s (two morphemes)
Underdevelopment under- + develop + -ment (three morphemes)
Undesirability un- + desir (e) + -abl (e) + -ity ( four morphemes)

A morpheme ( the minimal linguistics sign ) is thus a grammatical unit in which there is an arbitrary union of sound and a meaning that cannot be further analyzed.

Kind of Morphemes:

1. Free Morpheme

Morpheme which are also words are called free morpheme since they can stand alone, such as boy, girl, and car.

Types of free morpheme:

-Lexical: Have semantic content and can be added to in the lexicon (open class)
Verbs : sweep
Adverb : extremely
Adjectives : enough
Nouns : sand

-Function words: Provide info about grammatical function and cannot be added to in the lexicon (closed class)
Prepositions : on, in, at
Articles : a, an
Conjuctions : eventhough, as if, so
Pronouns : he, she, it
Demonstrative : this, that
Interjection : ugh, ah

2.Bound Morpheme

A morpheme which is never used alone but must be used with another morpheme.
Affix is a bound morpheme which is added to a word and which changes the meaning or function of the word.

Kinds of Affix:

a. Prefixes
bound morphemes which occur before other morphemes. For example, anti-, bi-, dis-, un-, non-, -re, etc.

b. Infixes
bound morphemes which are inserted into other morphemes. For example, friggin, bloody.

c. Suffixes
bound morphemes which occur after other morphemes. For example, -able, -ful, -ation, -ship.

Function of bound morphemes

Derivational:
Change the meaning or part of speech
For example, un- in unpleasant creates a new word with opposite meaning of pleasant.
The suffix –ness in quickness, changes the part of speech of quick, an adjective into a noun, quickness.

Inflectional :
The morpheme which serve a purely grammatical function, never creating a new word but only different form of the same word such.
For example, walk (verb) + ed = walked (verb).


(Contributed by Mifta Azzahra)

Must & Have To

‘Must’dan ‘Have to’ artinya ‘harus’ dalam bahasa Indonesia. Dari sisi pemakaian, kedua kata ini memiliki sedikit perbedaan.

‘Must’ digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu keharusan yang biasanya bersifat internal. Artinya, keharusan itu berasal atau datang dari dalam diri sendiri. Sementara itu, ‘have to’ digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu keharusan yang bersifat eksternal. Artinya, keharusan itu tidak datang dari diri sendiri, melainkan karena adanya faktor-faktor atau aturan-aturan dari luar diri yang mengharuskan kita melakukan sesuatu.
Contoh:
Sorry, I can’t come to your house. I must wash my father’s car.
Sorry, I can’t come to your house. I have to wash my father’s car.

Pada kalimat pertama, saya mencuci mobil ayah saya karena saya merasa itu kewajiban saya sendiri untuk membantu ayah saya. Pada kalimat kedua, terkandung makna bahwa saya mencuci mobil ayah saya bukan karena keharusan dari diri saya sendiri, tetapi karena ayah saya menyuruh saya melakukannya.

Jika subjek kalimat bukan ’I’, itu berarti bahwa si pembicara mengharapkan atau memerintahkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu.
Contoh:
You must study hard.
You must do your homework and submit it on time.

Popular Proverb (1)

A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

• Harapkan burung terbang tinggi punai di tangan dilepaskan.
• Mendapatkan sesuatu yang kecil jauh lebih baik daripada mengharapkan sesuatu yang besar namun belum pasti.

Reading: Save Your Words

A chatter box could be very boring. He or she never runs out of topics. Anywhere and anytime, he or she will talk about anything. We don’t have a chance to interrupt nor to respond. We can do nothing but listen. Most of us have been through such a situation.

The following tips are about how to talk effectively and how to avoid becoming a chatter box.In our daily life, it is inevitable that we meet people with different characters. Each of them has his or her own style and manner in having conversation. Some are talkative, some are quiet, and some others are bossy.

To be a good speaker or conversationalist is not easy. Therefore, this article offers suggestions on becoming a better conversationalist. What is a good conversationalist and how can we become one? To become a good speaker, we have to pay attention to some important points of conversation.

Poh Ai Lin in The art of Conversing puts forward seven points for us to take into account in a conversation. They are as follows:

1. A good conversationalist is not a person who knows what to say and when to say it. He or she has to learn other social communication skill as well.
2. Talking continuously is not the idea of successful conversation. Being a considerate and active listener is equally crucial. It takes two to converse. We need to talk as well as to listen.
3. Express your idea or opinion moderately. Do not sound as if you knew everything. If you have to talk about yourself, do it in moderation.
4. Avoid being gush. To praise is necessary but do not overdo it. If not, you will sound pretentious.
5. Avoid being bossy. An attitude of superiority will soon leave you in isolation.
6. Stay focus. Avoid being too flowery. A person who lacks focus and is easily out of the track could be extremely annoying.
7. Read your partner’s gestures. Sighs, increasingly longer pauses, restlessness, decreased eye contact and gradual distancing are indications that your partner wants to end the conversation.

There are a lot more to learn to become a good conversationalist. Hoperfully the above tips will be of much help to all of us.

(My article above was published in Dialogue English Magazine No. 1/XXII/1997)

Vocabulary:

• chatter box : orang yang banyak omong/cerewet
• boring : membosankan
• run out of : kehabisan
• chance : kesempatan
• through : melalui
• avoid : menghindari
• inevitable : tak dapat dihindari
• offer : menawarkan
• take into account : mempertimbangkan
• attitude : sikap
• gradual : lambat laun, secara perlahan

Dialog: Talking aboout English Proverbs

Renny : Can you help me, Ria?
Ria : Yes. What can I do for you?
Renny : I have a problem in English proverbs. I read an English magazine and in the magazine there are several English proverbs. I can’t understand what those proverbs really mean. So, can you explain them to me?
Ria : Okay, I’ll try to help you. What are the proverbs?
Renny : The first proverb is ‘Make hay while the sun shines’.
Ria : Oh, that is a very popular proverb. It means that we must prepare ourselves as well as possible for any possibility which might happen. In Indonesian language there is an equivalent proverb, i.e. ‘Sedia payung sebelum hujan’. What is the next proverb?
Renny : The next proverb is ‘It’s no use crying over the spilt milk’.
Ria : This proverb implies that we shouldn’t regret what has happened.
Renny : Is there an equivalent proverb in Indonesian language?
Ria : Yes, there is. I’m sure you often hear this proverb ‘Nasi telah menjadi bubur’.
Renny : Oh so… I see. Can I ask you another English proverb?
Ria : Go ahead.
Renny : Uhm… let me see. Here it is… ‘Birds of a feather flock together’.
Ria : This proverb means that we tend to make friends with people who have the same hobby, taste, habit, idea or ambition.
Renny : Oh… great! You really master English proverbs, Ria. Can you tell me how to know and understand more about English proverbs?
Ria : It’s easy. I have a book entitled English Proverbs and Quotations by Hendro Darsono. In this book there are around 300 popular English proverbs and 100 wise words or quotations from a number of public figures: politicians, artists, athletes, scientists, etc. I read this book almost every day. I can increase my English knowledge. Besides that, the wise words in this book can encourage me to do good things and to think positively.
Renny : May I borrow the book? I want to know more about English proverbs.
Ria : Of course, you may. But I think you must also buy this book to add to your English book collection.
Renny : Yes, I’ll buy this book next week after I get money from my parents.
Ria : By the way, how is your boyfriend Andre?
Renny : We broke up last month. So, I don’t know where and how he is now. I want to forget all about him.
Ria : Yeah, let bygones be bygones.
Renny : Hey, what does it mean, Ria?
Ria : This is also a proverb. It means ‘Biarlah yang lalu tetap berlalu’.
Renny : Yes, you’re right. Let bygones be bygones.

Interjection

Interjection (Interjeksi) adalah kata yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu perasaan yang kuat, seperti kekaguman, rasa sakit, atau kegembiraan.

Contoh:
Hurrah! (Hore!)
Alas! (Aduh!)
Oh! (Oh!)
Aha! (Aha!)
Gee! (Ih!)
Ouch! (Aduh!)
Wow! (Wow!)
Yuck! (Ih... menjijikkan!)
yummy! (Enaknya!)

Contoh kalimat:
Hurrah! He's coming.
Alas! I cut my finger.
Yummy! I like this food!

Conjunction

Conjunction (konjungsi) adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua kata atau kalimat secara bersama-sama.

Konjungsi ada dua jenis, yaitu:

1. Coordinating Conjunction
Misalnya:
and (dan)
or (atau)
but (tetapi)

2. Subordinating Conjunction
Misalnya:
when (ketika)
while (selagi, sementara, sedangkan, sambil)
until/till (hingga, sampai)
after (setelah)
before (sebelum)
if (jika)
unless (jika ... tidak)
otherwise (jika tidak)
because (karena, sebab)
since (karena, sebab)
as (karena, ketika, sebagaimana, seperti)
though/although/even though (meskipun, walaupun)
as if/as though (seolah-olah, seakan-akan)

Contoh kalimat:
He is poor but he is happy.
Although he is poor, he is happy.
She couldn't attend the meeting because she was sick.
He will be happy if you come to his house.

Preposition

Preposition (preposisi) adalah kata yang berada di depan nomina atau pronomina yang biasanya untuk menyatakan posisi atau hal-hal tertentu

Berikut ini adalah sejumlah contoh preposisi yang sangat sering dipergunakan untuk bahasa Inggris sehari-hari:
in (di, di dalam)
on (di, di atas)
at (di, pada)
beside (di samping)
behind (di belakang)
under (di bawah)
between (di antara)
after (setelah)
before (sebelum)
with (dengan)
without (tanpa)
about (kira-kira, tentang, mengenai)
by (dengan, oleh, dekat)
to (untuk, ke)
for (untuk, bagi, selama)
from (dari)
during (selama)
through (melalui)

Contoh kalimat:
I am sitting between Santi and susan.
She lives in Jakarta.
The boys are hiding behind the car.